1. Steel Trusses

Steel trusses are a popular choice for long span structures due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and versatility. Trusses are frameworks consisting of triangular units, which efficiently distribute loads and minimize material usage.

• Advantages:

  • High strength and rigidity

  • Efficient use of materials

  • Flexibility in design (various shapes and forms)

• Challenges:

  • Complex fabrication and assembly

  • Potentially high costs for intricate designs

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2. Suspension Structures

Suspension structures use cables or ropes to support the roof or bridge deck, allowing for very long spans. This system is commonly used in bridges and large roof structures, such as stadiums and exhibition halls.

• Advantages:

  • Ability to span extremely long distances

  • Minimal material usage for the span

  • Aesthetic appeal with elegant, lightweight designs

• Challenges:

  • Requires precise engineering and tensioning

  • Sensitivity to dynamic loads (e.g., wind and vibrations)

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3. Cable-Stayed Structures

Cable-stayed structures utilize cables connected directly to towers or masts to support the load. This system is similar to suspension structures but offers more rigidity and is often used in bridges and large roofs.

• Advantages:

  • High rigidity and stability

  • Aesthetic variety with different cable arrangements

  • Efficient load distribution

• Challenges:

  • Complex design and construction

  • Requires careful maintenance of cables and anchors

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4. Arch Structures

Arches are one of the oldest structural forms used to span long distances. Modern arch structures can be made from steel, concrete, or a combination of materials, providing both strength and aesthetic appeal.

• Advantages:

  • Excellent load distribution capabilities

  • Aesthetic and iconic design possibilities

  • High stability and rigidity

• Challenges:

  • Significant horizontal thrust at the supports

  • Potentially high construction costs

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6. Shell Structures

Shell structures use thin, curved surfaces to distribute loads efficiently. These structures are often made from concrete or steel and can span large areas with minimal material usage.

• Advantages:

  • High strength-to-weight ratio

  • Aesthetic and organic design possibilities

  • Efficient load distribution with minimal material

• Challenges:

  • Complex formwork and construction techniques

  • Requires precise engineering and construction

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7. Reinforced Concrete Vierendeel Truss

The Vierendeel truss is a unique type of truss structure characterized by its open rectangular framework and absence of diagonal members, unlike traditional trusses. When constructed using reinforced concrete (RC), the Vierendeel truss offers both aesthetic and functional advantages for long span structures

• Advantages:

  • Aesthetic Appeal

  • Functional Flexibility

  • Structural Efficiency

• Challenges:

  • Complex Design and Analysis

  • Construction Precision

  • Higher Material Costs